Microwave heating is a multi-physics phenomenon that involves electromagnetic waves and heat transfer; any material that is exposed to electromagnetic radiation will be heated up. The rapidly varying electric and magnetic fields lead to four sources of heating. Any electric field applied to a conductive material will cause current to flow. In addition, a time-varying electric field will cause dipolar molecules, such as water, to oscillate back and forth. A time-varying magnetic field applied to a conductive material will also induce current flow.

The comminution of the material to be ground takes place primarily through the high-energy impact of grinding balls. To achieve this, the grinding bowl, containing the material to be ground and grinding balls, rotates around its own axis on a main disk whilst rotating rapidly in the opposite direction. At a certain speed, the centrifugal force causes the grinding of the sample material and grinding balls to separate from the inner wall of the grinding bowl. The grinding balls then cross the bowl at high speed and further grind the sample material by impact against the opposite bowl wall.

A phase-sensitive multimeter meter is an electronic device capable of measuring the inductance (L), capacitance (C) and resistance (R) of a device under test when applied AC voltage. The combination of LCR measurement help to calculate the effective series resistance (ESR), Q-factor, dissipation factor (tanδ) and phase angle. The measurement of C-R for the device under test is performed usually in-between the parallel plates where the capacitance in parallel (Cp) and resistance in parallel (Rp) is measured.

Ball milling (solid-state synthesis) is one of the most important processes used in industry to synthesize nanomaterials, and is also called mechanical alloying or attrition. This method is based on a top-down approach, like self-assembly of molecules and reducing the size of the larger particles. The principle involved in the milling process is the generation of frictional force due to the collision between the reactants’ surface, which leads to increased temperature, pressure, and internal energy.

Battery Tester

Magnetron Sputtering

Magnetron sputtering is extremely basic and useful tool to deposit thin films. The high voltage is applied to the sputtering gun which ionizes the sputtering gas. These high energy ions create gaseous plasma when bombarded on the target material to be deposited. The gaseous plasma contains the material to be deposited. The atoms travel in vacuum and deposited onto a desired substrate to form a thin film of target material. One can tune the sputtering pressure, substrate temperature to get the optimized thin film.

Gas Sensor Testing Unit

Abbe Refractometer

Bridgeman Technique

Z-Scan Technique