Second harmonic generation (SHG), also called frequency doubling, is a nonlinear optical process, in which photons interacting with a nonlinear material are effectively ‘combined’ to form new photons having twice the frequency of initial photons. It is a special case of sum-frequency generation (2 photons), and more generally of harmonic generation.
The double – beam spectrophotometer can be used to determine the absorption and transmission spectra within the wavelength range of 190-1100nm with an accuracy of 0.5nm. This spectrometer has the option of selecting the light source between Deuterium Lamp (D2) and tungsten (W) halogen lamp.
The crystal oscillator circuit sustains oscillation by taking a voltage signal from the quartz transducer, amplifying it, and feeding it back to the resonator. The rate of expansion and contraction of the quartz is the resonant frequency, and is determined by the cut and size of the crystal
d33 is one of the most useful measurement in estimating the piezoelectric nature of the material. The instrument directly measures the charge accumulated on the end faces per unit force applied. The instrument can measure d33 values for ceramics, polymers and single crystals. The meter can measure the d33 in various crystal directions of a single crystal sample. The meter can give the d33 reading for a variety of sample size and shapes like pellet, toroids, spheres, disks, cylinders, semi spherical shells etc.
Electrochemical workstation provides various analytical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, differential pulse voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, etc. windows based software and integrated digital CV simulator and fitting, impedance simulation and fitting program. It is a powerful tool to understand fundamental aspects of electrochemical kinetics and trace level analysis.
